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	<title>Bogdan Turcanu &#187; management</title>
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	<description>Bogdan Turcanu</description>
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		<title>&#206;ncă o unealtă utilă oferită de către Google</title>
		<link>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/nca-o-unealta-utila-oferita-de-catre-google/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/nca-o-unealta-utila-oferita-de-catre-google/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Oct 2010 17:28:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Bogdan Turcanu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anunturi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gestionare anunturi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[publicitate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reclama]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[După problemele cu OpenX, am descoperit Google DoubleClick for Publishers Small Business. DoubleClick for Publishers (DFP) Small Business este o soluţie găzduită de gestionare a anunţurilor care oferă un set complet de instrumente pentru gestionarea şi dezvoltarea publicităţii cu vânzare directă şi indirectă. Pentru a putea folosi această soluție gratuită trebuie să aveți un cont [...]]]></description>
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<p>După <a href="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/neplaceri-cu-openx/" target="_blank">problemele cu OpenX</a>, am descoperit <a href="http://www.google.com/intl/ro/dfp/info/welcome.html" target="_blank">Google DoubleClick for Publishers Small Business</a>.<a href="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/dfpsblogo.png"><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 10px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px" title="dfp-sb-logo" border="0" alt="dfp-sb-logo" align="left" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/dfpsblogo_thumb.png" width="142" height="45" /></a>     <br /><em>DoubleClick for Publishers (DFP) Small Business</em> este o soluţie găzduită de gestionare a anunţurilor care oferă un set complet de instrumente pentru gestionarea şi dezvoltarea publicităţii cu vânzare directă şi indirectă. Pentru a putea folosi această soluție gratuită trebuie să aveți un cont <a href="https://www.google.com/adsense/?hl=ro" target="_blank">Google Adsense</a>, chiar dacă nu folosiți anunțuri Adsense pe site-urile voastre.    <br />Părțile bune pe care le-am identificat la această soluție sunt:</p>
<ul>
<li>este gratuită (dacă difuzaţi mai puţin de 90 de milioane de afişări lunare ale anunţurilor);</li>
<li>nu necesită exclusivitate, putându-se folosi și alte rețele publicitare sau software de management a anunțurilor;</li>
<li>interfața este disponibil în mai multe limbi, dintre care și limba română (cu toate că acest lucru nu mă avantajează în mod direct);</li>
<li>chiar funcționează și nu îmi fac griji asupra găurilor de securitate, fiind un produs dezvolat de către Google;</li>
</ul>
<p>Ca și aspecte negative ar fi interfața puțin intuitivă, mai ales cea tradusă în limba română. Trebuie să recunosc că mi-a luat ceva timp să mă prind cum se face tot ceea ce aveam nevoie.</p>
<p>Am și implementat soluția pe site-ul http://www.<a href="http://www.forumsuceava.com" target="_blank">forumsuceava.com</a>, site-ul unde am avut <a href="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/neplaceri-cu-openx/" target="_blank">probleme cu Openx</a>.</p>
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		<title>ZTE ZXR 10 2609</title>
		<link>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/zte-zxr-10-2609/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/zte-zxr-10-2609/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Jul 2010 19:25:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Bogdan Turcanu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cacti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[grafice trafic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[how to]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[rețele]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[snmp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[switch]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[zte]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[1. Functii Modelul ZXR10 2609 adopta modul “memoreaza si inainteaza” si suporta switching la nivel Layer 2 la viteza de link pe toate porturile. Viteza maxima este de 5.6Gbps. Sunt implementate urmatoarele functii: Posibilitatea de invatare a adreselor MAC. Marimea tabelei de MAC-uri este de 8k. Suporta VLAN-uri (Virtual Local Area Network) si VLAN-uri private [...]]]></description>
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<p><strong>1. Functii</strong> </p>
<p>Modelul ZXR10 2609 adopta modul “memoreaza si inainteaza” si suporta switching la nivel Layer 2 la viteza de link pe toate porturile. Viteza maxima este de 5.6Gbps.    <br />Sunt implementate urmatoarele functii: </p>
<ul>
<li>Posibilitatea de invatare a adreselor MAC. Marimea tabelei de MAC-uri este de 8k. </li>
<li>Suporta VLAN-uri (Virtual Local Area Network) si VLAN-uri private conform standardului 802.1q. Numarul maxim de VLAN-uri este de 4094. </li>
<li>Suporta STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) definit in 802.1d, RSTP (Rapid STP) definit in standardul 802.1w si MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol) definit in 802.1s. </li>
<li>Suporta LCAP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) definit in 802.3ad. </li>
<li>Multi-VLAN IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) snooping. </li>
<li>Oglindirea traficului care intra sau iese pe un anumit port. </li>
<li>Restrictionarea latimii de banda a traficului care intra sau iese la nivel de port. </li>
<li>Statistici detaliate despre fiecare port. </li>
<li>Configurare prin consola sau remote folosind Telnet sau SSH. </li>
<li>Suporta SNMP. </li>
<li>Posibilitatea de a incarca si descarca fisierele necesare folosind un server TFTP. </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>2 Structura hardware si principiul de functionare </strong></p>
<p>ZXR10 2609 este un switch cu 9 porturi 10/100Mbps, toate suportand functia de auto MDI/MDI-X. Alimentarea echipamentului se face printr-un alimentator extern. Ventilatia se face natural prin orificiile prevazute in acest scop.    <br />Cu exceptia portului 9, toate celelalte sunt prevazute cu functia VCT (Virtual Cable Tester). </p>
<p><img style="border-right-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; border-left-width: 0px; margin-right: auto" title="ztezxr2609" border="0" alt="ztezxr2609" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/ztezxr2609.gif" width="283" height="105" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Switch-ul ZTE ZXR10 2609 </strong></p>
<p>Exista unsprezece led-uri care indica starea echipamentului si anume: </p>
<ul>
<li>Indicatorii de sistem, care includ indicatorul de alimentare (PWR) si un indicator de functionare (RUN). Starea lor este urmatoarea:
<ul>
<li>- dupa pornirea echipamentului, led-ul PWR este aprins si led-ul RUN este stins; </li>
<li>daca incarcarea softului se realizeaza cu succes, led-ul RUN incepe sa clipeasca cu frecventa de 1Hz, in caz contrar, el ramane stins. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Indicatorii care corespund celor noua interfete de retea. Daca led-ul corespunzator este aprins indica link normal pe interfata respective. Atunci cand indicatorul clipeste, indica faptul ca se transmit sau se primesc date pe respective interfata. </li>
</ul>
<p>Din punct de vedere functional, switch-ul ZXR10 2609, ca si intreaga familie din care face parte si anume ZXR10 2609/2818S/2826S/2852S, este alcatuit din: </p>
<ul>
<li>Modulul de control cu rolul de a controla si coordona modulul de switching pentru a indeplini cerintele diferitelor aplicatii in retea. Este format din procesorul central si cateva chipuri externe cu functii specifice. Este prevazut si cu o interfata seriala externa pentru configurare si intretinere . </li>
<li>Modulul de switching care este format din chipuri dedicate procesarii frame-urilor Ethernet. Rolul sau este de a procesa si schimba pachetele de date trimise de fiecare port. </li>
<li>Modulul de interconectare care este prezent numai la modelele ZXR10 2818S si ZXR10 2826S. </li>
<li>Modulul de alimentare cu rolul de a asigura alimentarea celorlalte module ale echipamentului. </li>
</ul>
<p><img style="border-right-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; border-left-width: 0px; margin-right: auto" title="hardware-zte-2609" border="0" alt="hardware-zte-2609" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/hardwarezte2609.gif" width="505" height="266" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Structura hardware ZXR10 2609 </strong></p>
<p><strong>3 Metode de management </strong></p>
<p>Avem la dispozitie mai multe modalitati pentru managementul acestui echipament. Unele din acestea necesita sa fim prezenti la locatia unde este montat switch-ul (conectarea seriala), pe cand altele permit managementul de la distanta (telnet, ssh) </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>3.1 Interfata seriala </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Configurarea si intretinerea echipamentului se poate realiza folosind interfata seriala cu care este dotat acesta. In pachetul cu care vine echipamentul exista si un cablu serial, prevazut la un capat cu un conector RJ45 (pentru a fi conectat la switch) si la celalalt cu un conector RS-232 cu 9 pini ( pentru a fi conectat la PC).    <br />Pentru a ne conecta la switch de pe un PC pe care ruleaza sistemul de operare Windows XP, vom folosi programul Hyper Terminal pe care il accesam din meniul Start &gt; Programs &gt; Accessories &gt; Communication &gt; Hyper Terminal.     <br />Se selecteaza COM1 sau COM2, in functie de portul la care este conectat echipamentul.     <br />Atributele portului serial trebuiesc setate in modul urmator: </p>
<p>Baud rate: 9600 </p>
<p>Data bits: 8 </p>
<p>Parity: None </p>
<p>Stop bit: 1 </p>
<p>Data flow control: None </p>
<p>Urmatorul pas este pornirea echipamentului. Dupa ce se termina initializarea, ne putem loga. Im mod implicit, userul este admin si parola zhongxing.&#160; </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>3.2 Telnet </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Dupa ce am alocat un IP echipamentului si l-am montat in retea la locatia dorita, putem sa ne conectam la el folosind protocolul TELNET.    <br />Pentru a creste securitatea echipamentului, avem la dispozitie un mecanism (Remote-Access) prin care putem configura ip-urile de la care ne putem conecta.     <br />Pasii care trebuie urmati pentru a face o configuratie minima sunt: </p>
<ul>
<li>activarea / dezactivarea restrictiei de acces (implicit este dezactivat); </li>
</ul>
<p>set remote-access </p>
<ul>
<li>configurarea adresei IP de la care se permite accesul pe echipament; </li>
</ul>
<p>set remote-access ipaddress </p>
<ul>
<li>stergerea tuturor adreselor IP care au drept de acces; </li>
</ul>
<p>clear remote-access all </p>
<ul>
<li>stergerea unei singure adrese IP care are drept de acces; </li>
</ul>
<p>clear remote-access ipaddress </p>
<ul>
<li>afisarea informatiilor legate de Remote-Acces. </li>
</ul>
<p>show remote-access </p>
<p>În exemplul de mai jos permitem acces pe echipament numai de la IP-uri din clasa 192.168.123.0/24. </p>
<p>zte(cfg)#set remote-access specific    <br />zte(cfg)#set remote-access ipaddress 192.168.123.0 255.255.255.0     <br />zte(cfg)#sho remote-access&#160; <br />Whether check remote manage address: YES     <br />Allowable remote manage address list:     <br />192.168.123.0/255.255.255.0 </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>3.3 SSH </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>SSH (Secure Shell ) este un protocol creat de Network Working Group de la IETF si este folosit pentru oferirea de acces la distanta , fiind un inlocuitor mai sigur al protocolului Telnet. Datele trimise prin ssh sunt criptate si, chiar daca datele sunt interceptate, nu se pot afla informatii folositoare din acestea.    <br />Switch-ul ZXR10 2609 suporta SSH versiunea 2.0 si foloseste autentificarea pe baza de parola. Portul folosit este cel implicit si anume 22.     <br />Comenzile disponibile sunt:     <br />set ssh     <br />show ssh     <br />Pentru a ne putea conecta folosind acest protocol putem folosi programul Putty sau un client SSH din Linux,FreeBSD, etc.     <br />Echipamentul suporta logarea doar a unui singur utilizator. Dupa trei incercari esuate de login, conexiunea se inchide in mod automat.     <br />Implicit, functia SSH de pe switch este dezactivata. </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>3.4 SNMP </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) este cel mai popular protocol de management folosit in prezent. El implica o serie de protocoale si specificatii: </p>
<ul>
<li>MIB </li>
<li>SMI </li>
<li>SNMP </li>
</ul>
<p>Prin intermediul acestui protocol se pot culege informatii de management de la diferite dispozitive din retea, dar, in acelasi timp, SNMP permite echipamentelor sa raporteze problemele si erorile catre statiile care se ocupa de managementul retelei.    <br />Managementul unei retele prin SNMP implica trei elemente cheie: </p>
<ul>
<li>Dispozitivele cu management care pot comunica prin intermediul retelei. Fiecare dispozitiv contine un agent. </li>
<li>Network Management Station (NMS), care trebuie de asemenea sa poate comunica prin intermediul retelei si pe care ruleaza procesul de management. </li>
<li>Protocolul folosit pentru schimbarea informatiilor de management dintre agenti si NMS si anume SNMP. </li>
</ul>
<p>NMS-ul colecteaza datele prin interogarea agentilor de pe dispozitivele    <br />din retea. Agentii pot raporta erorile catre NMS oricand, chiar inainte ca NMS-ul sa le interogheze. Aceste erori se numesc „traps”. Cand se raporteaza o eroare, NMS-ul poate interoga echipamentul pentru a obtine mai multe informatii ( asta in cazul in care el mai este accesibil.     <br />Toate variabilele din retea sunt stocate in MIB. SNMP-ul monitorizeaza dispozitivele din retea prin interogarea valorilor obiectelor corespunzatoare din MIB.     <br />Switch-ul cu management ZXR10 2609 are implementat MIB-ul standard definit in RFC1213, RFC1493, RFC2674 si RFC2819.     <br />Comenzile disponibile pe acest echipament pentru SNMP sunt:     <br />create community     <br />create view     <br />set community view     <br />set traphost     <br />clear community     <br />clear view     <br />set trap     <br />show snmp </p>
<p>Un exemplu de configurare este prezentat in continuare:    <br />Sa presupunem ca adresa IP a serverului care se ocupa de managementul retelei este 192.168.123.1si switch-ul are un port Layer 3 cu ip-ul 192.168.123.123.     <br />zte(cfg)#config snmp     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#create community master private     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#create view masterview     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#set community master view masterview     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#set traphost 192.168.123.1 master     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#show snmp community     <br />CommunityName Level ViewName     <br />&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;     <br />master private masterview </p>
<p>zte(cfg-snmp)#show snmp view    <br />ViewName Exc/Inc MibFamily     <br />&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;     <br />masterview Include 1.3.6.1&#160; </p>
<p>zte(cfg-snmp)#show snmp host    <br />HostIpAddress Community SNMPVersion     <br />&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;- &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;     <br />192.168.123.1 master Ver.2&#160; </p>
<p>zte(cfg-snmp)# </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>3.5 RMON </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>RMON ( Remote Monitoring) defineste functii standard de management a retelei si interfetele de comunicare dintre consola de management si monitor. RMON ofera o metoda eficienta de a monitoriza comportamentul subretelelor in cazul reducerii incarcarii altor agenti si a statiilor de management.    <br />Comenzile disponibile pe ZXR10 2609 sunt:     <br />set rmon     <br />set history     <br />set statistics     <br />set event     <br />set alarm     <br />show rmon     <br />show history     <br />show statistic     <br />show event     <br />show alarm </p>
<p><strong>4 Managementul fisierelor </strong></p>
<p>In cazul switch-ului ZXR10 2609, dispozitivul in care sunt memorate datele este o memorie FLASH. </p>
<p>Numele fisierului de boot este kernel.z </p>
<p>Numele fisierului de configurare este running.cfg </p>
<p>Echipamentul pune la dispozitie un numar mare de comenzi pentru operatii cu fisiere. Cele mai utilizate comenzi sunt:    <br />config ttfs – intrarea in modul de configurare fisiere     <br />md – crearea unui director     <br />remove – stergerea unui director     <br />rename – redenumirea unui fisier     <br />cd – schimbarea directorului curent     <br />ls – lista fisierelor din directorul curent     <br />tftp – upload si download-ul prin intermediul TFTP.     <br />copy – copierea unui fisier     <br />format – formatarea memoriei FLASH. </p>
<p>Fisierul de versiune si fisierele de configurare pot fi salvate sau recuperate folosind TFTP. </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>4.1. Importul si exportul configurarii </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Echipamentul poseda functii de import si de export ceea ce usureaza procesul de configurare si management al switch-ului. </p>
<p>Exportul informatiilor de configurare </p>
<p>Se poate folosi comanda show running-config toFile pentru a exporta rezultatul executiei comenzii show running-config catre un fisier numit config.txt pe care il salveaza in memoria FLASH. Acest fisier poate fi apoi uploadat pe serverul TFTP pentru vizualizare.    <br />Zte(cfg-tffs)# tftp 192.168.123.1 upload config.txt     <br />(unde 192.168.123.1 este adresa IP a serverului TFTP) </p>
<p>Importul informatiilor de configurare </p>
<p>Se poate folosi comanda readconfig pentru citirea comenzilor din fisierul config.txt, pentru a fi executate. Fisierul config.txt poate fi editat manual dupa necesitati si apoi downloadat pe switch folosind comanda de mai jos:    <br />Zte(cfg-tffs)# tftp 192.168.123.1 download config.txt </p>
<p>Este recomandat ca utilizarea comenzii readconfig sa se faca atunci cand nu avem nici o configurare facuta pe switch. Daca una din comenzile care exista in fisierul config.txt intra in conflict cu o setare deja existenta pe switch, executia comenzilor din config.txt va genera erori si va fi oprita.    <br />Atunci cand se editeaza manual fisierul config.txt trebuie avuta mare grija la ordinea in care comenzile sunt executate. In caz contrar, executia readconfig poate genera erori si se opreste atunci cand o anumita comanda din config.txt este citita. </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>4.2 Backup-ul si recuperarea de fisiere </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Fisierele mentionate in aceasta sectiune se refera la fisierul de configurare si la cel de versiune. </p>
<p>Backup-ul fisierului de configurare </p>
<p>Atunci cand o comanda este folosita pentru a modifica configuratia switch-ului, aceasta devine activa imediat. Cand se restarteaza switch-ul, setarile noi facute se vor pierde. Pentru a evita acest lucru trebuie executata comanda saveconfig, pentru a salva configuratia curenta in memoria FLASH.    <br />Pentru a preveni deteriorarea datelor de configurare, se face backup la aceste date folosind TFTP.     <br />Comanda urmatoare se foloseste pentru a face backup la fisierul de configurare pe un server TFTP care are adresa IP 192.168.123.1:     <br />Zte(cfg-tffs)# tftp 192.168.123.1 upload running.cfg </p>
<p>Recuperarea fisierului de configurare </p>
<p>Pentru a downloada de pe serverul TFTP de la adresa 192.168.123.1 fisierul de configurare in memoria FLASH a echipamentului se foloseste comanda:    <br />Zte(cfg-tffs)# tftp 192.168.123.1 download running.cfg </p>
<p>Backup-ul fisierului de versiune </p>
<p>In mod similar ca la backup-ul fisierului de configurare, se foloseste comanda de mai jos pentru a face upload pe un server care ruleaza la adresa IP 192.168.123.1:    <br />Zte(cfg-tffs)# tftp 192.168.123.1 upload kernel.z </p>
<p>Recuperarea fisierului de versiune </p>
<p>Aceasta recuperare este foarte importanta in cazul esuarii update-ului de versiune. Aceasta operatie este identica cu cea prezentata in sectiunea urmatoare referitoare la upgrade-ul versiunii de pe echipament. </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>4.3 Upgrade-ul versiunii de soft </strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>In nod normal, upgrade-ul versiunii de soft este necesar atunci cand versiunea originala nu suporta unele functii sau echipamentul nu mai ruleaza normal din cauza unor situatii deosebite. Upgrade-ul realizat necorespunzator poate duce la esecul pornirii echipamentului.    <br />Upgrade-ul de versiune se poate face in unul din cele doua cazuri: </p>
<ul>
<li>atunci cand echipamentul functioneaza normal </li>
<li>atunci cand echipamentul functioneaza anormal </li>
</ul>
<p>Daca starea sistemului o permite, se verifica informatiile legate de versiunea instalata inainte si dupa upgrade. Acest lucru se face prin executarea comenzii version pentru a vedea informatiile software si hardware ale sistemului:    <br />zte(cfg)#version     <br />The System&#8217;s Hardware Info:     <br />Switch&#8217;s Mac Address: 00.d0.d0.fc.a1.e0 </p>
<p>Module 0: ZXR10 2609; fasteth: 9; gbit: 0; </p>
<p>The System&#8217;s Software Info:    <br />Version number : 1.0     <br />Version make date: Jan 11 2006     <br />Version make time: 10:30:30 </p>
<p>System has run 0 years 0 days 3 hours 39 minutes 42 seconds </p>
<blockquote><p><strong>A. Upgrade-ul atunci cand sistemul functioneaza normal</strong></p>
<p>Daca echipamentul functioneaza normal, procedura de upgrade este urmatoarea: </p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>se conecteaza consola echipamentului la porul serial al computerului, folosind cablul special inclus in pachet si un port Ethernet al switch-ului in retea sau direct la placa de retea a statiei pe care ruleaza serverul TFTP. </li>
<li>se seteaza adresa ip a portului Ethernet de pe switch ( trebuie ca statia pe care ruleaza serverul TFTP sa ajunga cu ping-ul in switch ) </li>
<li>se porneste serverul TFTP pe statia respectiva </li>
<li>pe switch se tasteaza comanda version pentru a verifica informatiile legate de versiunea curenta </li>
<li>se intra in modul de configurare a fisierelor si se executa comanda remove pentru a sterge vechiul fisier de versiune. Daca avem destul spatiu in memoria FLASH se poate redenumi acest fisier si pastra in memorie. </li>
</ul>
<p>Zte(cfg-tffs)# tftp 192.168.123.1 download kernel.z </p>
<ul>
<li>se restarteaza switch-ul. Dupa pornirea normala se verifica versiunea care ruleaza pentru a ne asigura ca upgrade-ul s-a efectuat cu succes. </li>
</ul>
<blockquote><p><strong>B. Upgrade atunci cand sistemul functioneaza anormal</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Atunci cand switch-ul nu poate fi pornit normal sau functioneaza anormal se face upgrade-ul de versiune in modul urmator: </p>
<ul>
<li>se conecteaza consola echipamentului la porul serial al computerului, folosind cablul special inclus in pachet si un port Ethernet al switch-ului in retea sau direct la placa de retea a statiei pe care ruleaza serverul TFTP </li>
<li>se restarteaza switch-ul. In Hyper Terminal se apasa orice tasta atunci cand se cere acest lucru pentru a intra in modul [VxWorks Boot] </li>
<li>cand se ajunge la promptul [ZxR10 Boot] se introduce caracterul c si se apasa tasta Enter. Aici setam ip-ul portului Ethernet conectat in retea si adresa serverului TFTP. In general, cele doua adrese se afla in aceeasi retea. </li>
<li>se porneste serverul TFTP </li>
<li>la promptul [ZxR Boot] se tasteaza zte pentru a trece la starea [BootManager]. Aici se poate tasta ? pentru a vedea lista cu comenzi disponibile </li>
<li>la promptul [BootManager] se foloseste comanda tftp pentru a face upgrade la fisierul de versiune de pe serverul TFTP </li>
<li>se executa apoi comanda reboot pentru a restarta switch-ul. Daca echipamentul porneste normal se foloseste comanda version pentru a vedea daca versiunea corecta a fost incarcata. Daca echipamentul nu porneste normal inseamna ca upgrade-ul a esuat si se repeta pasii anteriori. </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>5. Configurare Quality of Service </strong></p>
<p>Switch-ul ZXR10 2609 pune la dispozitie functii de QoS si de control a prioritatii. Prioritatea pachetelor de date poate fi determinata de adresa MAC sursa a pachetelor de date, de VLAN, de userul 802.1P, layer 3 DSCP sau de prioritatea implicita a portului.    <br />Secventa de determinare a prioritatii este urmatoarea: </p>
<ul>
<li>prioritatea pachetelor de date trimise de CPU ( este determinata de procesor) </li>
<li>prioritatea pachetelor MGMT ( pachete de date de management ca de exemplu pachete BPDU). Prioritatea acestor pachete este determinata de initializare </li>
<li>prioritatea adresei MAC sursa setata static </li>
<li>prioritatea VLAN-ului </li>
<li>prioritatea serului 802.1P </li>
<li>prioritatea Layer 3 DSCP </li>
<li>prioritatea implicita a portului. </li>
</ul>
<p>Dupa ce prioritatea pachetului de date este determinata folosind una dintre politicile prezentate mai sus, politicile care o urmeaza sunt ignorate. Pentru a folosi prioritatea implicita data de port, urmatoarele conditii trebuie sa fie satisfacute: </p>
<ul>
<li>pachetele de date sa nu fie date trimise de procesor sau pachete de date de management </li>
<li>sursa MAC a pachetelor nu poate fi o adresa statica sau nu este activata aceasta functie </li>
<li>nu este activa prioritatea VLAN-ului din care apartin pachetele sau a VLAN-ului din care face parte portul </li>
<li>nu este activa prioritatea userului 802.1P sau pachetele de date nu sunt pachete TAG </li>
<li>nu este activa prioritatea DSCP pe portul respectiv </li>
</ul>
<p>Dupa configurarea politicii de control a prioritatii, daca switch-ul primeste frame-uri de date, frame-urile cu cea mai mare prioritate sunt trimise primele    <br />Implicit este activa prioritatea DSCP si celelalte sunt inactive. Se pot activa si dezactiva aceste prioritati in functie de necesitati.     <br />Daca sunt active atat prioritatile bazate pe user 802.1P cat si Layer 3 DSCP si pachetele de date primite de porturi contin pachete 802.1P, switch-ul va folosi prioritatea 802.1P.     <br />Modelul ZXR10 2609 nu suporta prioritatea bazata pe adresa MAC sursa si prioritatea bazata pe VLAN-uri.     <br />Avem la dispozitie urmatoarele comenzi pentru configurarea QoS:     <br />set qos queue-schedule     <br />set qos priority-map user-priority     <br />set qos priority-map ip-priority     <br />show qos queue-schedule     <br />show qos priority-map </p>
<p><strong>6 Limitarea bandwidth-ului pe porturi </strong></p>
<p>Switch-ul cu management ZXR10 2609 ofera functia de a limita bandwidth-ul pe fiecare port in parte, atat in cazul traficului care intra pe portul respectiv cat si a celui care iese prin portul respectiv.    <br />Aceasta functie este utila atunci cand se doreste limitarea traficului facut de un anumit sistem din retea care este conectat direct in unul din porturile switch-ului sau a unui grup de sisteme conectate toate, prin intermediul unui alt switch, intr-un port din switch-ul ZXR10 2609.     <br />Sintaxa comenzii este:     <br />set port &lt;portlist&gt; bandwidth ingress { off | on rate &lt;64-256000&gt;}{tcpdrop|flowcontrol} </p>
<p>set port &lt;portlist&gt; bandwidth egress { off | on rate &lt;64-256000&gt;} </p>
<p>Plaja de valori este de la 64 kbps pana la 256000 kbps.    <br />Variabila &lt;portlist&gt; poate lua valori de la 1 la 9 ( corespunzator numarului portului pe care se doreste sa se faca limitarea). Daca se doreste sa se limiteze mai multe porturi se separa numarul portului prin virgula:     <br />set port 3,4,5 bandwidth egress on rate 128     <br />Pentru a se opri limitarea se foloseste:     <br />set port 3,4,5 bandwidth egress off </p>
<p><strong>6.1 Testarea functionalitatii limitarii bandwidth-ului </strong></p>
<p>Intentionam sa limitam la diverse valori traficul de download pe care il face o statie conectata in portul 8 am switch-ului ZXR10 2609.    <br />Pasii pe care i-am urmat sunt: </p>
<ul>
<li>ne conectam pe echipament folosind interfata seriala in modul prezentat in sectiunea 3.1 ( login: admin , parola: zhingxing ) </li>
</ul>
<p>setam ip-ul 192.168.123.123/24 pe switch </p>
<p>Welcome !    <br />ZTE Corporation.     <br />All rights reserved. </p>
<p>login:admin    <br />password:*********     <br />zte&gt; </p>
<ul>
<li>Intram in modul general de configurare </li>
</ul>
<p>zte&gt;ena    <br />password:*******     <br />zte(cfg)# </p>
<ul>
<li>avem nevoie de o functie Layer 3 pentru a seta ip-ul, pentru aceasta trebuie sa intram in modul router </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg)#&#160; <br />zte(cfg)#config router     <br />zte(cfg-router)# </p>
<ul>
<li>acum avem acces la functia set ipport </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg-router)#set ipport 1 ipaddress 192.168.123.123/24    <br />zte(cfg-router)#set ipport 1 enable </p>
<ul>
<li>verificam setarile ipport </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg-router)#sho ipport    <br />IPport En/Disable IpAddress Mask MacAddress VlanId     <br />&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;- &#8212;&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;     <br />1 enabled 192.168.123.123 255.255.255.0 00.d0.d0.fc.a1.e0 1 </p>
<ul>
<li>adaugam ruta statica, pentru ca sistemul care il vom folosi pentru monitorizare prin SNMP nu se afla in acelasi retea cu switch-ul </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg-router)#iproute 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.123.1&#160; </p>
<ul>
<li>verificam tabela de routare </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg-router)#show iproute    <br />Type IpAddress Mask Gateway Metric IPport     <br />&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212; direct 192.168.123.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.123.123 0 1     <br />static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.123.1 1 1     <br />Total: 2 </p>
<ul>
<li>configuram agentul SNMP </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg-router)#    <br />zte(cfg-router)#exit     <br />zte(cfg)#config snmp     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#create community master private     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#create view masterview     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#set community master view masterview     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#set traphost 86.105.128.90 master     <br />zte(cfg-snmp)#show snmp community     <br />CommunityName Level ViewName     <br />&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;     <br />master private masterview </p>
<p>zte(cfg-snmp)#show snmp view    <br />ViewName Exc/Inc MibFamily     <br />&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;     <br />masterview Include 1.3.6.1&#160; </p>
<p>zte(cfg-snmp)#show snmp host    <br />HostIpAddress Community SNMPVersion     <br />&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;- &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;     <br />192.168.123.1 master Ver.2&#160; </p>
<p>zte(cfg-snmp)# </p>
<ul>
<li>urmeaza configurarea NMS-ului (si anume 86.105.128.90) pentru a interoga agentul SNMP de pe switch-ul cu management. Informatiile despre aceasta statie se gasesc in anexele lucrarii </li>
<li>dupa ce am stabilit comunicarea intre NMS si agentul SNMP de pe switch, urmeaza limitarea bandwidth-ului pe portul 8 la 512 kbps. </li>
</ul>
<p>zte(cfg)#set port 8 bandwidth egress on rate 512 </p>
<p>In graficul de mai jos, trasat pe baza informatiilor obtinute prin SNMP se observa ca se pastreaza in mod constant bandwidth-ul. </p>
<p><img style="border-right-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; border-left-width: 0px; margin-right: auto" title="grafic2_limitare_zte" border="0" alt="grafic2_limitare_zte" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/grafic2_limitare_zte.gif" width="586" height="209" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Limitarea traficului ce iese pe portul 8 la 512 kbps, apoi la 256 kbps </strong></p>
<p>In a doua parte a graficului se observa o limitare introdusa de switch pe care s-a introdus comanda: </p>
<p>zte(cfg)#set port 8 bandwidth egress on rate 256 </p>
<p>In graficul de mai jos este vizibila functia de limitare introdusa ( in prima parte a graficului este un varf trasat inainte de activarea limitarii). </p>
<p><img style="border-right-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; margin-left: auto; border-left-width: 0px; margin-right: auto" title="grafic_limitare_zte" border="0" alt="grafic_limitare_zte" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/grafic_limitare_zte.gif" width="586" height="209" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Limitarea traficului ce iese pe portul 8 la 1024 kbps </strong></p>
<p>Limitarea in acest caz s-a realizat cu comanda:    <br />zte(cfg)#set port 8 bandwidth egress on rate 1024     <br />Traficul care vine pe portul 8 al switch-ului nu este limitat. </p>
<p>Detalii NMS folosit </p>
<p>Pentru interogarea SNMP a agentului existent pe switch-ul ZXR10 s-a folosit o masina dotata cu procesor Intel Pentium III la 1Ghz, cu 256 MB RAM pe care ruleaza sistemul de operare freeBSD versiunea 6.0-STABLE.    <br />Graficele au fost trasate folosind Cacti ( <a href="http://www.cacti.net/">http://www.cacti.net/</a> ), o solutie distribuita sub licenta GNU General Public License ( <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html</a> )     <br />Functionalitatea sa se bazeaza pe RRDTool ( <a href="http://www.rrdtool.org/">http://www.rrdtool.org/</a> ).     <br />Toate informatiile necesare pentru crearea de grafice sunt obtinute prin interogarea cu ajutorul unui pooler si apoi stocate intr-o baza de date MySQL (<a href="http://www.mysql.com/)">http://www.mysql.com/)</a>. Interfata este scrisa complet in PHP.     <br />Versiunile folosite au fost: </p>
<ul>
<li>cacti-0.8.6h_42 </li>
<li>rrdtool-1.2.11 </li>
<li>apache-2.2.2 </li>
<li>php4-4.4.2_2 </li>
<li>mysql-server-4.1.20 </li>
</ul>
<p>Conectaxiunea dintre NMS si switch s-a realizat prin intermediul unei retele metropolitane. </p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Comenzi pentru management</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Comenzi pentru fisiere</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>adminpass</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>cd</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>sonfig router</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>copy</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>config snmp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>format</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>config tffs</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>ls</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create user</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>md</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>enable</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>remove</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>exit</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>rename</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>hostname</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>tftp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>line-vty</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>list</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>loginpass</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Configurarea VLAN-urilor</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>ping</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear vlan name</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>readconfig</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create vlan name</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>reboot</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port pvid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>saveconfig</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set trunk pvid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set date</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set loginauth</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan add port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set specialvlan1</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan add trunk</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show date-time</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan delete port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show loginauth</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan delete trunk</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show running-config</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan fid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show specialvlan1</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set vlan priority</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show start-config</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show vlan</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show terminal</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show vct</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show user</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>sysLocation</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>terminal log</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>terminal monitor</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="351" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>version</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="400" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Configurarea porturilor</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Port Mirroring</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set mirror add source-port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create port name</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set mirror delete source-port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set mirror delete dest-port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port auto</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show mirror</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port bandwidth</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port dscp-priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Tabela de MAC-uri</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port default-priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set fdb add</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port description</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set fdb agingtime</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port duplex</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set fdb delete</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port flowcontrol</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set fdb filter</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port ingress_limit_mode</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port macaddress</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb agingtime</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port multicast-filter</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb dynamic port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port poe</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb mac</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port remapping-tag</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb vlan</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port sa-priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show fdb vlan port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port security</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port speed</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Configurare PVLAN</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port speedadvertise</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set pvlan session</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port user-priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show pvlan</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set port vlan-priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set trunk multicast-filter</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show port qos</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show port statistics</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="257" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show trunk</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="293" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Configurare MSTP </strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>QoS</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear stp instance</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set qos queue-schedule</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear stp name</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set qos priority-map user-priority</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show qos queuw-schedule</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp agemax</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show qos priority-map</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp edge-port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp forceversion</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>802.1x</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp forwarddelay</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set 802.1xrelay</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp hellotime</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show 802.1xrelay</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp hmd5-digest</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp hmd5-key</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Layer 3</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp hopmax</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>arp add</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp instance bridgeprio</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>arp delete</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp instance port cost</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>arp ipport timeout</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp instance port priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear arp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp instance trunk cost</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear ipport</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp instance trunk priority</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear iproute</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp instance vlan</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>iproute</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp name</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set ipport</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set ipport ipaddress</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp port linktype</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set ipport mac</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp port packettype</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set ipport vlan</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp relay</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show arp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp revision</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show ipport</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp trunk</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show iproute</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp trunk linktype</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set stp trunk packettype</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show stp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show stp instance</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show stp port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="265" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show stp trunk</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="300" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Acces Service Configuration</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>QinQ</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port accouting</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set qinq customer port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port dot1x</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set qinq tpid</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port keepalive</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set qinq uplink port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port keepalive period</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show qinq</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port max-hosts</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port multiple-hosts</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Remote-Access</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port port-mode</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear remote-access all</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>aaa-control port protocol</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear remote-access ipaddress</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x max-request</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set remote-access</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x quiet-period</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set remote-access ipaddress</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x re-authenticate</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show remote-access</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x re-authenticate period</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x server-timeout</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>SSH</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x supplicant-timeout</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set ssh</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>dot1x tx-period</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show ssh</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear client</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear client index</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>SNMP</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear client port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear community</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear client vlan</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear traphost</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>clear view</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp add accouting</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create community</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp add authentication</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create view</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp defaultisp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create community</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp delete accouting</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>create view</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp delete authentication</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set community view</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp description</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set trap</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp client</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set traphost</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp fullacount</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show snmp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius isp sharedsecret</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius nasname</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Single-port Loop Test</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius retransmit</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set loopDetect blockDelay</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>radius timeout</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set loopDetect port</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show aaa-control port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set loopDetect port protect</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show dot1x</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set loopDetect trunk</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show client</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set loopDetect trunk protect</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show client index</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show loopDetect</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show client mac</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show client port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="353" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show radius</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="398" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>Cluster Management</strong></p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p><strong>RMON</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>erase member</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set alarm</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>reboot member</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set event</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>save member</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set history</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group add device</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set rmon</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group add mac</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set statistics</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group candidate</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show alarm</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group commander ipport</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show event</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group delete member</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show history</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group independent</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show rmon</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group handtime</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show statistics</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group holdtime</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group name</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set group tftpsvr</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp holdtime</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp timer</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp trunk</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp hop</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp hopdelay</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp port</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp portdelay</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp timer</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp trunk</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>set zdp vlan</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show group</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show group candidate</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show group member</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show zdp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show zdp neighbour</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show zdp</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show zdp device</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show zdp mac</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" width="355" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>show zdp start</p>
</td>
<td valign="bottom" width="396" nowrap="nowrap">
<p>&#160;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		<item>
		<title>Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)</title>
		<link>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/spanning-tree-protocol-stp/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/spanning-tree-protocol-stp/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Jul 2010 19:04:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Bogdan Turcanu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[how to]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[retea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rețele]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[spanning tree protocol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[switch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tutoriale]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/spanning-tree-protocol-stp/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Spanning Tree Protocol a fost definit de catre IEEE prin standardul 802.1D. Acest protocol elimina posibilitatea aparitiei fenomenului “broadcast storm” prin eliminarea automata si logica a buclelor in retea. STP ( Spanning Tree Protocol ) este un protocol de comunicatii care are ca scop asigurarea redundantei retelei. Switch-urile cu management folosesc STP pentru a comunica [...]]]></description>
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<p>Spanning Tree Protocol a fost definit de catre IEEE prin standardul 802.1D. Acest protocol elimina posibilitatea aparitiei fenomenului “broadcast storm” prin eliminarea automata si logica a buclelor in retea. </p>
<p>STP ( Spanning Tree Protocol ) este un protocol de comunicatii care are ca scop asigurarea redundantei retelei. Switch-urile cu management folosesc STP pentru a comunica unul cu celalalt despre caile redundante din retea si starea acestora. </p>
<p>In reteaua exemplificata mai jos exista mai multe bucle, cum ar fi cea formata de link-urile A-B-C si link-urile B-D-E. Pentru eliminarea acestora, STP foloseste un algoritm care este prezentat in continuare. </p>
<p><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px" title="stp1" border="0" alt="stp1" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/stp1.gif" width="338" height="284" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Fig. 1– Retea cu bucle fizice </strong></p>
<p>Primul pas este selectarea de catre STP a unui “root bridge”. Acesta reprezinta centrul logic al retelei. Selectarea acestuia se face prin schimbul de mesaje numite “Bridge Protocol Data Units” (BPDU) intre echipamentele din retea. Fiecare BPDU contine identificatorul dispozitivului care l-a generat. Cine are identificatorul cel mai mic devine “root bridge”. Dupa aceasta selectie, prevenirea buclelor se poate face numai in conditia in care doar un echipament poate transmite mai departe traficul care vine din directia root-ului spre oricare link. </p>
<p>STP determina pentru fiecare echipament portul pe care e conectat, doar pentru acele echipamente care au voie sa retransmita traficul de la root bridge. Acest proces se realizeaza prin schimbul de BPDU. Aceste date BPDU contin costul traseului, care este configurabil de catre utilizator, lucru ce permite prioritizarea unei cai fata de alta. </p>
<p>In exemplul considerat, fiecare link fizic are costul 10. Caile posibile de parcurgere a traficului de la echipamentul 1 la echipamentul 4 sunt: C,A-B si A-D-E. In acest caz, calea C are costul 10, calea A-B are costul 20 si calea A-D-E are costul 30. Calea aleasa va fi C. </p>
<p>Urmatorul pas este ca STP-ul sa inlature buclele din retea prin blocarea porturilor de pe ambele capete a unei legaturi. Un port in aceasta stare nu va trimite si nici nu va receptiona pachete BPDU. </p>
<p><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px" title="stp2" border="0" alt="stp2" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/stp2.jpg" width="407" height="284" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Fig. 2 – Eliminarea buclelor din retea cu ajutorul STP </strong></p>
<p>Din acest moment, STP monitorizeaza reteaua pentru eventualele defecte care pot apare (intreruperi) sau schimbari de topologie ( echipamente noi adaugate, legaturi noi adaugate, schimbari de configuratie a echipamentelor, etc.). Atunci cand unul din aceste lucruri se intampla, STP se va adapta noii topologii. </p>
<p>De exemplu, daca link-ul D se intrerupe, asa cum este aratat in figura de mai jos, echipamentul 4 va fi cel care preia rolul sa trimita traficul spre echipamentul 3. Acest lucru se obtine prin parcurgerea intregului algoritm STP de la inceput, atunci cand s-a intrerupt link-ul. </p>
<p>Protocolul STP a fost conceput pentru a fi folosit in retelele unde o cadere de cateva minute este acceptabila. Totusi, sunt situatii cand acest timp este prea mare, cum ar fi cazul retelelor transportatorilor de date sau a providerilor, unde se cer timpi mult mai mici. </p>
<p>Pentru a imbunatati aceste performante, IEEE a definit o alta versiune a protocolului STP, mai rapida, numita Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) in standardul 802.1w. Marele avantaj al RSTP este ca reuseste sa repuna reteaua in functiune in mai putin de o secunda in cazul unei modificari de topologie. </p>
<p><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px" title="stp3" border="0" alt="stp3" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/stp3.jpg" width="407" height="284" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Fig. 3 – Schimbarea topologiei intr-o retea cu STP activ </strong></p>
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		<item>
		<title>IGMP Snooping</title>
		<link>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/igmp-snooping/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/igmp-snooping/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Jul 2010 19:01:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Bogdan Turcanu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[how to]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[igmp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[igmp snooping]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Traficul IP multicast are cateva caracteristici speciale. Adresa IP destinatie este in domeniul 224.0.0.2 pana la 239.255.255.255. Adresa MAC destinatie a traficului multicast incepe cu 01:00:5e si se termina cu cei mai putini semnificativi 23 biti a adresei ip destinatie. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) a definit IGMP ca grupuri asociate de statii care transmit [...]]]></description>
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<p>Traficul IP multicast are cateva caracteristici speciale. Adresa IP destinatie este in domeniul 224.0.0.2 pana la 239.255.255.255. Adresa MAC destinatie a traficului multicast incepe cu 01:00:5e si se termina cu cei mai putini semnificativi 23 biti a adresei ip destinatie. </p>
<p>IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) a definit IGMP ca grupuri asociate de statii care transmit si receptioneaza pachete IP multicast. Fiecare statie membra a grupului trebuie sa fie transmitator sau receptor. Statia care doreste sa devina receptor trimite un mesaj IGMP “group join” catre transmitatorul acelui grup. Fiecare dispozitiv Layer 3 prin care trece acest mesaj retine interfata sursa si grup id-ul. Cand transmitatorul trimite pachete ip multicast, echipamentul Layer 3 va transmite mai departe aceste pachete doar pe interfetele de pe care a primit mesaje de “join group”. </p>
<p>De-a lungul timpului, IETF a definit trei versiuni de ICMP: </p>
<ul>
<li>IGMPv1 : IETF Request for Comments 1112 (RFC 1112) defineste versiunea originala a IGMP. Aici se defineste mesajul de join intr-un grup multicast, dar nu e definite o metoda de parasire a grupului de catre o statie. Cand se foloseste IGMPv1, routerele trebuie sa foloseasca un timer pentru a determina care statii mai sunt membre ale grupului. </li>
<li>IGMPv2 : este definit in RFC2236 si prezinta mesajul “group leave”, care permite dispozitivelor care stiu de multicast sa stie informatiile despre membrii grupului. </li>
<li>IGMPv3 : este definit in RFC3376 si reprezinta o revizie majora a protocolului IGMP. In loc de modelul cu un transmitator si mai multi receptori prezent in IGMP versiunea 1 si 2, statiile care folosesc IGMPv3 specifica lista de transmitatori pe care ii asculta. </li>
</ul>
<p>In mod normal, un switch trateaza traficul IP multicast in acelasi mod ca si traficul broadcast, adica prin trimiterea frame-urilor receptionate pe toate celelalte porturi. </p>
<p>Cu ajutorul IGMP ( Internet Group Management Protocol) snooping, dispozitivele de retea Layer 2 pot lua decizii inteligente in ceea ce priveste trimiterea pachetelor multicast prin examinarea IP-ului din cadrul frame-urilor. </p>
<p>Sa consideram exemplul de mai jos, unde avem o retea heterogena Layer 2 si Layer 3 in care nu se foloseste functia IGMP snooping. Switch-urile sunt conectate la routerul din centru. </p>
<p><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px" title="igmpsnoop1" border="0" alt="igmpsnoop1" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/igmpsnoop1.gif" width="543" height="318" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Fig. 1 – Retea heterogena Layer 2 si Layer 3 </strong></p>
<p>Sa presupunem ca hostul A transmite multicast si hosturile B si C receptioneaza multicast in acelasi grup ca si hostul A. Routerul va transmite corect traficul IP multicast doar spre segmentele in care sunt hosturi ce trebuie sa receptioneze ( statiile B si C). Insa switch-urile Layer 2 vor trimite traficul pe toate porturile sale. </p>
<p><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px" title="igmpsnoop2" border="0" alt="igmpsnoop2" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/igmpsnoop2.gif" width="503" height="333" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Fig. 2 – Traseul pachetelor multicast fara activarea IGMP Snooping </strong></p>
<p>Cu cat reteaua este mai mare, cu atat mai mult traficul multicast duce la scaderea performantelor retelei. </p>
<p>Sa vedem ce se intampla o data cu configurarea IGMP snooping la nivelul switch-urilor cu management Layer 2.</p>
<p><img style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px" title="igmpsnoop3" border="0" alt="igmpsnoop3" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/igmpsnoop3.gif" width="499" height="330" /> </p>
<p align="center"><strong>Fig. 3 – Traseul pachetelor multicast in retea cu IGMP Snooping activ </strong></p>
<p>Dupa cum se observa, in acest caz doar hosturile care sunt in grupul respective de receptie primesc traficul multicast, asa cum ne doream. </p>
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		<title>FreeBSD &#8211; Interconectare VLAN-uri switch-uri cu  management Allied Telesis</title>
		<link>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/freebsd-interconectare-vlan-uri-switch-uri-cu-management-allied-telesis/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/freebsd-interconectare-vlan-uri-switch-uri-cu-management-allied-telesis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Jul 2010 18:21:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Bogdan Turcanu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[IT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Allied Telesis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AT8000s]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[freebsd]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[how to]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[retea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[switch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tutoriale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vlan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/freebsd-interconectare-vlan-uri-switch-uri-cu-management-allied-telesis/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Se da un server pe care ruleaza bineinteles freebsd, doua switch-uri cu management Allied Telesis AT-8000s/16 si sa spunem 4 statii de lucru. Folosind aceste echipamente vom imparti reteaua formata in vlan-uri, doua vlan-uri pentru pc-uri si un vlan de management al switch-urilor. In locatia A se afla serverul cu freebsd, switch-ul cu management AT-8000s/16 [...]]]></description>
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<p>Se da un server pe care ruleaza bineinteles freebsd, doua switch-uri cu management Allied Telesis AT-8000s/16 si sa spunem 4 statii de lucru.<br />
Folosind aceste echipamente vom imparti reteaua formata in vlan-uri, doua vlan-uri pentru pc-uri si un vlan de management al switch-urilor.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/at8000svlanfreebsdmic.jpg"><img style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: 0px;" title="at8000s-vlan-freebsd" src="http://www.bogdanturcanu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/at8000svlanfreebsdmic_thumb.jpg" border="0" alt="at8000s-vlan-freebsd" width="640" height="338" /></a></p>
<p>In locatia A se afla serverul cu freebsd, switch-ul cu management AT-8000s/16 (Switch A) cu ip-ul 10.10.10.2, cele doua computere: computer 1 (adresa IP: 172.20.0.2), computer 2 (adresa IP: 172.30.0.2).<br />
In locatia B se afla switch-ul cu management AT-8000s/16 (Switch B) cu ip-ul 10.10.10.3, cele doua computere: computer 3 (adresa IP: 172.20.0.3), computer 4 (adresa IP: 172.30.0.3).<br />
Interconectarile intre echipamente sunt facute ca in figura de mai sus. Reteaua noastra va cuprinde trei vlan-uri:<br />
- vlan 200 &#8211; managementul switch-urilor<br />
- vlan 300 &#8211; computerele 1 si 3, precum si serverul cu freebsd<br />
- vlan 400 &#8211; computerele 2 si 4, precum si serverul cu freebsd<br />
Pe sistemul cu freebsd avem o placa de retea (bge0). Vom incepe prin a creea cele trei vlan-uri si asignarea de adrese IP pentru fiecare in parte. Pentru acest lucru vom folosi urmatoarele comenzi:</p>
<p>ifconfig vlan200 create<br />
ifconfig vlan300 create<br />
ifconfig vlan400 create<br />
ifconfig vlan200 inet 10.10.10.1/24 vlan 200 vlandev bge0<br />
ifconfig vlan300 inet 172.20.0.1/24 vlan 300 vlandev bge0<br />
ifconfig vlan400 inet 172.30.0.1/24 vlan 400 vlandev bge0</p>
<p>Daca execum acum comanda ifconfig observam cele 3 vlan-uri:</p>
<p>vlan200: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500<br />
ether 00:08:c7:8f:fe:8e<br />
inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.10.10.255<br />
inet6 fe80::208:c7ff:fe8f:fe8e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0&#215;8<br />
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX &lt;full-duplex&gt;)<br />
status: active<br />
vlan: 200 parent interface: bge0<br />
vlan300: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500<br />
ether 00:08:c7:8f:fe:8e<br />
inet 172.20.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.20.0.255<br />
inet6 fe80::208:c7ff:fe8f:fe8e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0&#215;8<br />
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX &lt;full-duplex&gt;)<br />
status: active<br />
vlan: 300 parent interface: bge0<br />
vlan400: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500<br />
ether 00:08:c7:8f:fe:8e<br />
inet 172.30.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.30.0.255<br />
inet6 fe80::208:c7ff:fe8f:fe8e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0&#215;8<br />
media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX &lt;full-duplex&gt;)<br />
status: active<br />
vlan: 400 parent interface: bge0</p>
<p>Daca dorim ca aceste setari sa ramana si dupa repornirea sistemului, trebuie sa editam fisierul /etc/rc.conf, in care adaugam urmatoarele linii:</p>
<p>cloned_interfaces=&#8221;vlan200 vlan300 vlan400&#8243;<br />
ifconfig_vlan200=&#8221;inet 10.10.10.1/24 vlan 200 vlandev bge0&#8243;<br />
ifconfig_vlan300=&#8221;inet 172.20.0.1/24 vlan 300 vlandev bge0&#8243;<br />
ifconfig_vlan400=&#8221;inet 172.30.0.1/24 vlan 400 vlandev bge0&#8243;</p>
<p>Urmeaza configurarea switch-ului AT-8000s/16 din locatia A. Legatura cu serverul este in portul 17R, computerul 1 este conectat in portul 2, computerul 2 este conectat in portul 4, iar portul 16 este folosit pentru legatura cu switch-ul din locatia B. Configurarea switch-ului o vom face prin consola seriala. In cazul acestui model, porturile ethernet sunt definite in soft ca si e1-e16, si g1.<br />
Dupa ce ne logam cu userul manager si parola friend (acestea sunt implicite, se pot schimba ulterior), intram in modul de configurare folosind comanda: configure si facem setarile necesare:</p>
<p>configure<br />
vlan database<br />
vlan 200<br />
vlan 300<br />
vlan 400<br />
interface vlan 200<br />
ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1<br />
interface ethernet g1<br />
description uplink-server<br />
switchport mode trunk<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 200<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 300<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 400<br />
interface ethernet e2<br />
description computer1<br />
switchport mode access<br />
switchport access vlan 300<br />
interface ethernet e4<br />
description computer2<br />
switchport mode access<br />
switchport access vlan 400<br />
interface ethernet e16<br />
description legatura_locatia_B<br />
switchport mode trunk<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 200<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 300<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 400<br />
exit</p>
<p>Salvam configurarea pentru a fi activa si in momentul pornirii switch-ului:</p>
<p>copy running-config startup-config</p>
<p>Urmeaza configurarea switch-ului AT-8000s/16 din locatia B. Legatura cu locatia Al este in portul 15, computerul 3 este conectat in portul 1, computerul 4 este conectat in portul 3. Setarile necesare pe acesta sunt:</p>
<p>configure<br />
vlan database<br />
vlan 200<br />
vlan 300<br />
vlan 400<br />
interface vlan 200<br />
ip address 10.10.10.3 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1<br />
interface ethernet e15<br />
description legatura_locatia_a<br />
switchport mode trunk<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 200<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 300<br />
switchport trunk allowed vlan add 400<br />
interface ethernet e1<br />
description computer3<br />
switchport mode access<br />
switchport access vlan 300<br />
interface ethernet e3<br />
description computer4<br />
switchport mode access<br />
switchport access vlan 400<br />
exit
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